Spatiotemporal variations in vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau, China, between 1982 and 2013: possible causes and potential impacts.

Vegetation is a key component of the ecosystem and plays an important role in water retention and resistance to soil erosion. In this study, we used a multiyear normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset (1982-2013) and corresponding datasets for observed climatic variables to analyze changes in the NDVI at both temporal and spatial scales. The relationships between NDVI, climate change, and human activities were also investigated. The annual average NDVI showed an upward trend over the 32-year study period, especially in the center of the Loess Plateau. NDVI variations lagged behind monthly temperature changes by approximately 1 month. The contribution of human activities to variations in NDVI has become increasingly significant in recent years, with human activities responsible for 30.4% of the change in NDVI during the period 2001-2013. The increased vegetation coverage has reduced soil erosion on the Loess Plateau in recent years. It is suggested that natural restoration of vegetation is the most effective measure for control of erosion; engineering measures that promote this should feature in the future governance of the Loess Plateau.

On the sustainability of an activity.

This paper develops a framework to determine the sustainability of a general activity. We define an activity as an action or process that uses one or more resources and that responds either wholly or partially to a demand. A definition for sustainability is developed and is contingent on whether or not an activity can be sustained according to the available resources, the duration of an activity, the cost of its execution, or whether substitution is possible. A sustainability condition is met when the duration, cost and the chain of dependent activities satisfies the demand. Two conditions for sustainability are developed: a strong condition when the demand is met with no substitution and a weak condition when the demand is met via substitution. In the latter case, we show that the set of all sustainable activities is a subset of a N-level union of sustainable activities and forms a topological cover.

Tratamiento metodológico de la observación indirecta en la gestión de organizaciones deportivas / Indirect observational methodology in managing sports services

Contemplar al usuario/a como elemento clave de la gestión, es una de las tendencias que actualmente ha recibido mucha atención científica. Sin embargo, la evaluación de la calidad de los programas deportivos orientados a la población infantil, es escasa, queda evidenciado en los pocos estudios realizados. Por ello, consideramos necesario realizar un estudio dirigido a la población infantil, como usuarios directos, ya que se trata del grupo social más numeroso a la hora de realizar actividades físicas y, la necesidad de crear y consolidar hábitos deportivos que pueden repercutir en estilos de vida saludables. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es plantear un desarrollo metodológico de observación indirecta con el fin de profundizar en la evaluación de la calidad en los servicios municipales deportivos orientados a la población infantil. En la actualidad, el desarrollo metodológico ha beneficiado de manera muy notoria a la observación indirecta. Se trata de documentos de los cuales hemos aprendido a extraer información válida y consistente; documentos que pueden tener un alto valor informativo, pero que formalmente requieren de una preparación que los adecúen para alcanzar la necesaria sistematización. Para ello contrastamos las percepciones de los usuarios/as más pequeños/as (de 8 a 12 años) con la de los/as padres/madres y el personal experto de las instalaciones municipales deportivas, para adecuar y mejorar los servicios deportivos orientados a la población infantil. Para la recogida de información se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y para el tratamiento de los datos, se utilizó el programa Atlas Ti. Los datos aquí presentados forman parte de un trabajo de mayor envergadura

Researchers are paying increasing attention to users as a key component in service management. However, very few studies have sought to examine the quality of sports services for children. This is perhaps surprising when one considers that physical activity is engaged in more by children than by any other social group, not to mention the importance of developing and consolidating children’s interest in sport so as to help promote healthy lifestyles. With this in mind the present study uses indirect observation as a means of assessing the quality of municipal sports services for children. In recent years the indirect observational approach has made a notable contribution to the development of research methodologies. Indeed, it has been shown that valid, reliable information can be extracted from documents of various kinds. However, in order to ensure that such information is of high value, these documents need to be prepared in such a way that systematic analyses are possible. This study focuses on the quality of sports services for children and compares the views of children (8-12 years old) with those of parents and of the staff of municipal sports facilities. The aim was to gather information that could help improve such services and tailor them more to children’s needs. The information was gathered by means of in-depth interviews, the contents of which were then analysed using Atlas.ti software. The data presented here forms part of a broader research project

An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean.

The ocean plays a critical role in supporting human well-being, from providing food, livelihoods and recreational opportunities to regulating the global climate. Sustainable management aimed at maintaining the flow of a broad range of benefits from the ocean requires a comprehensive and quantitative method to measure and monitor the health of coupled human­ocean systems. We created an index comprising ten diverse public goals for a healthy coupled human­ocean system and calculated the index for every coastal country. Globally, the overall index score was 60 out of 100 (range 36­86), with developed countries generally performing better than developing countries, but with notable exceptions. Only 5% of countries scored higher than 70, whereas 32% scored lower than 50. The index provides a powerful tool to raise public awareness, direct resource management, improve policy and prioritize scientific research.

Making a positive difference in the lives of nursing home residents with Alzheimer disease: the lifestyle approach.

Many persons with Alzheimer disease (AD) receive care outside their home, temporarily at a day care center or permanently in an assisted living arrangement or in a skilled nursing facility. How persons with AD live, and the potential to improve the lives of persons with AD, is a rich resource for conducting interdisciplinary research in AD. This paper presents the "lifestyle approach" which is a method of easing the transition from his/her home into a nursing home setting. The lifestyle approach helps establish a daily routine for residents that is familiar and that fills their days with meaningful activities. Little research has been initiated to study how to increase the quality of life of nursing home residents with AD. Each component of the lifestyle approach is presented and suggestions for studies to support or refute the author's opinion are made to stimulate research in this area.

Assessment of behavioral symptom management in demented individuals.

This article is intended to stimulate interdisciplinary research by social, behavioral, and biomedical researchers to solve some of the problems for persons with Alzheimer disease who suffer from behavioral symptoms. We identify the need for using conceptually based measures that have adequate reliability and validity to operationalize indicators of psychological well-being, suggest instruments to assess mood, engagement, agitation, resistiveness and comfort, and pose research questions to explore responses to active involvement (individual or group), passive involvement, lack of activity, aversive activity (related to activities of daily living), and limitation of activity (restraints) in persons with dementia. Answers to the research questions posed in this article will lead to expanded knowledge and can redefine how we give care to those in need.